tlp_10_kgamache

Kathryn Gamache Teacher Lesson Page (Student Side)
Kathryn's Primary Source page Kathryn's Lesson Page Teacher Side

Kathryn's WebQuest

Grade Level: Grades 5-7

Explain how American citizens were expected to participate in, monitor and bring about changes in their government over time and give examples of how they continue to do so today.
 * Standard**: Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework 5.27

How did immigrants participate in bringing about change in their government? What struggles/discrimination did non-citizens in Ancient Athens, 19th century Chinese Americans, and current Latin American immigrants to the United States face when trying to become citizens? How did Chinese American immigrants go about bringing change in their government to better their situation? How can present day Latin American immigrants do the same? How are these two groups' struggles comparable to that of the experience of Ancient Athenian citizens and non-citizens?
 * Guiding Question:**


 * Title:** Immigrants and Citizenship: Looking at early Chinese Americans, present day Latin Americans and the ancient Athenians.


 * Introduction:**

When immigrants become citizens, what challenges do they face? What can we learn from the example of ancient Athenian democracy?

Let's compare the model of citizenship -- ancient Athens -- to two groups in the United States history: Chinese immigrants in the mid-19th century and Latin American immigrants of today.

You will examine who could be a citizen, what their rights were as citizens and what they did to bring about change in ancient Athens. You will examine the exclusion of Chinese immigrants to the United States and the problems then faced by those who had already become citizens in the United States. You will also examine the current situation of Latin Americans particularly in Arizona and decide what they can learn from previous groups to confront opposition to their citizenship. Then you will write an editorial letter comparing the current experience of the Latin Americans to the past of the Chinese and Athenians.

Here are some of the questions we will explore:
 * 1) What struggles/discrimination did each group -- Ancient Athens, 19th century Chinese Americans, and current Latin American immigrants to the United States -- face when trying to become citizens?
 * 2) How did Chinese American immigrants go about bringing change in their government to better their situation?
 * 3) How can present day Latin American immigrants do the same?
 * 4) How are these two groups' struggles comparable to that of the experience of Ancient Athenian citizens and non-citizens?

You will become and expert on a specific immigrant/citizen group. You will be given a reading that will help you identify the group and their struggle and you will then convey your information to your classmates in an assigned group. Then you will compare and contrast the struggles of each group on a chart. These facts bring up a lot of questions that we will try to answer through the study of primary source documents and other resources. Next you will identify steps taken by non-citizens of Athens and 19th century Chinese immigrants to the United States to change the political inequalities of their situation and discuss what present day Latin Americans can do to improve their position based on the actions of previous groups. Then individually you will write an editorial letter outlining how present day Latin American citizens/non-citizens are facing political inequalities and what they can and should do to cause change. In your essay you will include a discussion where you compare and contrast the struggles faced by the people of Athens, present day Latin American immigrants and Early Chinese American immigrants. How are struggles of mid-19th century U.S. Chinese and current Latin Americans comparable to that of the experience of Ancient Athenian citizens and non-citizens?
 * Task:**


 * Lesson Process:**

Step 1 Setting the stage: You will individually complete a journal entry. You will be shown a picture from Ancient Greece. Answer the following in your journal. 1. What do you see in the picture? 2. What do you see going on in the picture? 3. What do you think you can learn from it? As a class the picture will be discussed. The teacher will lead the discussion and explain that the picture is a primary source. Remember a primary source is an actual document; object, picture, letter or newspaper article, from the time period. They are tools that can be interpreted in order to find out information.

(Use Resource F -- //current version is photo of class textbook pag//e)

[Alternate source photos below -- images from Arizona 1070 protest

Step 2: Citizenship Discussion As a class we will discuss the definition of citizenship. Who should be eligible to be a citizen and how should they be treated once granted citizenship?

Step 3: Primary sources and info

First, look at the Background Information. We will be discussing each of these three groups. What are the groups? What is the issue?


 * //*Background Info -- Here is a basic time line of events://**

Formation of Athenian Citizenship
 * -500 BC-**

Chinese Exclusion Act
 * -1892 AD-**

Present Day Arizona Law
 * -2011 AD-**


 * //*Here is some historical background information about the current Arizona Law//**

Controversy over immigration to the United States and policies and law enacted to control it are current issues that have roots in the past. An article posted on CNN.com from April 23, 2010 titled “What does Arizona’s immigration law do” one such policy was discussed. It states that the law signed that month in 2010 “orders immigrants to carry their alien registration documents at all times and requires police to question people if there's reason to suspect they're in the United States illegally. It also targets those who hire illegal immigrant laborers or knowingly transport them.” The article goes on to pose the question of whether or not other states may enact similar legislation. Today in the US, the immigration discussion surrounds immigrants coming from Latin American countries. This is not the first group however to experience regulations, limitations and discrimination. In 1882 congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act restricted immigration particularly of Chinese laborers to the US. This act contributed to the creation of the Chinese registration act requiring Chinese Americans to carry specific identification on them or face harsh punishment. These restrictions were of course met with opposition from Chinese Americans who felt their rights were being taken away and they appealed to the federal courts for protection from these laws. It is not just here in the US however that limitations on citizenship were enacted. In 451 BC rules regarding citizenship in Athens the birthplace of democracy became very strict. Amongst other stipulations in order to be a citizen one would have had to be a man whose father and his mother’s father was a citizen of Athens. Only these “citizens” were then allowed to participate in the democratic government. Out of about 300,000 people living in Athens only around 45,000 were considered citizens. Article: //__What does Arizona’s immigration law do, __//from April 23, 2010, taken from the following link http://articles.cnn.com/2010-04-23/politics/immigration.faq_1_arizona-immigration-law-reform-sb1070?_s=PM:POLITICS

Then, individually you will be given one primary source document/ informational reading. The documents will vary. Some of you will get information on Chinese Americans, Athenians or Latin American US citizens. You will read/examine the information and take notes. What challenges to citizenship did your group face?

(Use Resources A-I bottom of page)

Step 4:

Group Work A You will then be split into groups of 3. Each member will have had the same immigrant group. You will discuss the information and will fill out a worksheet answering the following: who the group was, their time period, citizenship status, struggles faced, what they did for change. This worksheet is titled //Situation Sheet.//

[image of worksheet below]

Group Work B You will be placed in groups of 3. Each member will be from a different immigrant group -- Ancient Athens, Chinese in U.S., Latin American in U.S. You will become the expert on your immigrant group and will inform the small group of your information. All group members will fill out a Situation Sheet for each group.

Groups will then be given a diagram where you will compare and contrast all 3 groups. You will compare rights, struggles and actions taken.



[see Comparison Chart image below]

Step 5: Class discussion As a class we will discuss the comparison chart. What are the similarities and differences between the groups?

Step 6: Assessment Currently the Latin American immigrants to the U.S. are facing problems related to immigration and citizenship. What can they learn from past groups to help their situation? What can they do now to better their situation and gain equal rights? Write an editorial letter comparing the current struggles of the Latin Americans to the past struggles of the Chinese and Athenians. You will need to reference specific points from the Chinese Exclusion Act, current policy faced by Latino immigrants, and citizenship regulations in Athens. Use the //Letter to the editor writing assignment homework worksheet// to do so. Also, use your Situation Sheet diagram to help you while writing.



[image of writing assignment below]

We have learned much about the struggle three different groups of citizens have faced and what they did to better their position.
 * Conclusion: **

Immigrants who come to the US in search of a better life are not always greeted with open arms. In fact, many face struggles that seem to include legalized discrimination. This type of struggle is not new, however. In ancient Athens, the birthplace of democracy, some of the ancient Greeks' practices regarding who could be a citizen may not seem fair. Here in the United States early Chinese immigrants faced discrimination and today Latin American immigrants are facing opposition. It seems each new group of immigrants becoming citizens is met with opposition, fear and discrimination. Is this the case? Does history repeat itself?


 * Assessment:**


 * // STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO… // || // STRONG // || // GOOD // || // ADEQUATE // || // INADEQUATE // || // WEIGHTING // ||
 * Discuss their opinion of who a citizen is and how they should be treated as a citizen in a democratic nation || Form a clear argument explaining who should be eligible for citizenship and the equal political rights it should entail. || Form an argument explaining who should be a citizen while connecting a right citizenship entails || Form and argument for who should be a citizen and why || Unclear argument as to who should be citizen, no discussion of what rights citizenship should entail || 10% ||
 * Reference key points of the Chinese Exclusion act specifically the denial of entry to the US of Chinese and the treatment of Chinese who were already in the country both socially and politically. || Discuss the fact that people from China were to be denied entry to US because of where they were from. Discuss the regulations put in place that would affect Chinese Americans already living in the US specifically the need to obtain and carry the proper identification and the consequences they face if not done. || Discuss some facts about why and how Chinese were excluded through the act. Discuss consequences if the law was not followed || Discuss some facts about the Chinese exclusion act || Discussion re: Chinese exclusion act unclear, missing || 10% ||
 * Identify the struggles/inequalities faced by the citizens/non-citizens in Ancient Athens.

. || Discuss who was and was not eligible for citizenship in Ancient Athens. Discuss the rights provided to those who were considered citizens in Athens. Discuss what citizens could do if they felt someone was gaining to much power and the attitudes of wealthy citizens toward poor citizens. || Explanation of who could and could not be q citizen in Athens. Explain rights provided to citizens || Explain who was or was not a citizen in Athens || Incorrect or missing discussion on Ancient Athenian Citizenship || 10% || Identify actions taken in Ancient Athens by citizens who felt some had too much power Identify what current Latino American citizens can do to combat political and social inequalities || Students identify efforts by each of the 3 groups || Students are mostly accurate when identifying the actions of the 3 groups || Students are inaccurate or fail to mention the actions taken by each group || 30% ||
 * Identify actions taken by immigrants to fight the inequalities || Identify the efforts put forth by the Chinese Equal Rights league to ask/demand equal treatment for Chinese American citizens with other citizens.
 * Identify the struggle faced by Latin American immigrants in the US today || Identify current policy in Arizona of requiring Latino Americans to provide proof on demand of their citizenship. || Identify struggle faced by current immigrant groups in Arizona || Mostly accurate discussion on struggle faced by Latino Americans in Arizona || Missing or inaccurate discussion on struggles faced by Latino groups in Arizona || 10% ||

Compare and contrast the experiences of the early Chinese American immigrants, Ancient Athenians and Latin American immigrants. ||.

Accurately provide examples of political and or social struggles faced by each immigrant group. Provide plausible comparisons of the struggles faced between each group and provide differences between each group. Provide examples of actions taken by each group to overcome the injustice and discuss how they were similar or different. || Provide examples of similarities and differences between all 3 groups || Provide some examples of similarities and differences between most of the groups || Inaccurately or unable to provide similarities and differences between the groups

' || 30% ||


 * Resources:**

Introduction Activity Alternate Photos:



More information about this photo at Wikimedia Commons (photo by Arasmus Photo)

For additional photos in this set, go to "Category: Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act"

__**Chinese Exclusion Act**__ Chinese Exclusion Act from //Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century//
 * -A-**

Chinese Exclusion Act -- text of Act and background info: @http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=47

Bureau of Census, Table 4, Historical Immigration @http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab04.html

-B- __**Chinese Registration Act**__ Chinese Registration Act Document from //Harvard University- Collection Development Department, Widener Library,// //HCL/ Chinese Equal Rights League, Appeal of the Chinese Equal Rights League to the people of the United States for the equality of manhood. New York: Chinese Equal Rights League, (1892)//

@http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/4581473?n=5&s=4&printThumbnails=no @http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/4581473?n=6&s=4&printThumbnails=no

-C- __**Appeal of Chinese Equal Rights League**__ Appeal of Chinese Equal Rights League taken from //Chinese Registration Act Document taken from Harvard University- Collection Development Department, Widener Library,// //HCL/ Chinese Equal Rights League, Appeal of the Chinese Equal Rights League to the people of the United States for the equality of manhood. New York: Chinese Equal Rights League, (1892)//

@http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/4581473

-C4- Article //Tricky Chinese// from Boston Public Library Electronic Resources, Americas Historical Newspapers //San Francisco Bulletin 10/26/1883//



@http://docs.newsbank.com/s/HistArchive/ahnpdoc/EANX/1175F156A20DD5A0/0F20FECAAFCBE6ED

-D- __**Resources for Ancient Athens**__ //From Houghton Mifflin 1994, Boston A Message of Ancient Days Summary Workbook, page 162//

Thinkquest "Origins of Democracy" @http://library.thinkquest.org/26466/history_of_democracy.html

-E- __**Resources for Ancient Athens**__ //Taken from James Mason's book Ancient Greece Resource bookfrom the Longman Group, UK Limited 1991. Page 9//



Nick Ewbank, Nature of Athenian Democracy http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Nature+of+Athenian+Democracy

[add images]



Pseudo-Xenophon on //The Constitution of Athenians// (see opinions about slaves and metics) @http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0158:chapter=1&highlight=metic

Diagram of Ancient Athenian Constitution

-F- __**Resources for Ancient Athens**__

//Picture from: Robert Nicholsons book Ancient Greece. Scholastic Inc. New York 1992, page 11//



BBC History, "The Democratic Experiment" by Prof. Paul Cartledge @http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml

[add images]



ostraka, at Museum of the Agora in Athens; photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto from Wikimedia Commons

or

ostraka from trial of Themistocles, at Museum of the Agora in Athens; photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto from Wikimedia Commons

-G-

__**Resources for Arizona Immigration**__

__**Article 1: Ariz. paper raps politicians on immigration**__ //**Article from the Boston Globe May 3, 2010**// **//Ariz. paper raps politicians on immigration// ** <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #272727; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt;">Associated Press <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #272727; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt;">/ <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #272727; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt;"> May 3, 2010 <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt;">PHOENIX — Arizona’s largest newspaper criticized US Senators John McCain and Jon Kyl and a host of other elected officials in a rare front-page editorial yesterday, saying the politicians have failed to find solutions to illegal immigration. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The state has become the target of calls for boycotts since adopting a law that requires local and state law enforcement officers to question people about their immigration status if they are suspected of committing a crime, and if there is reason to suspect they are in the country illegally. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">“The federal government is abdicating its duty on the border. Arizona politicians are pandering to public fear,’’ the Arizona Republic said. “The result is a state law that intimidates Latinos while doing nothing to curb illegal immigration.’’ <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The editorial appeared one day after thousands marched against the law in Phoenix and Tucson, Chicago, New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">McCain was once a champion of comprehensive immigration reform, but has abandoned his principles while he fights off a GOP primary challenge this year from former congressman J.D. Hayworth, the newspaper said. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Kyl has also dropped efforts for comprehensive reform and is no longer willing to work with Democrats now that he is a member of the Senate Republican leadership, the paper said. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The editorial also named Governor Jan Brewer, Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, and former governor and current Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">“Ensconced in a Democratic administration, she forgot all the arguments she once used to demand the Bush administration address immigration reform and reimburse Arizona for the costs of the broken border,’’ the Republic said. “Put in charge of Obama’s effort to craft immigration reform, she couldn’t get the thing out of neutral.’’ <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Napolitano, on “Fox News Sunday,’’ said more resources were being poured into securing the border than ever before. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">“Every resource that can be put at that border is being put at the border,’’ she said. “Every security is being made. But we still need comprehensive immigration reform.’’ <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #464646; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">© Copyright 2010 Globe Newspaper Company.

<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: blue; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

-H-

__**Resources for Arizona Immigration**__

__**Article 2: Is SB 1070 a Modern "Chinese Exclusion Law"?**__ //Article from [|www.reappropriate.com]// **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Is SB 1070 a Modern “Chinese Exclusion Law”? ** <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 12pt;">May 12th, 2010 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A cartoon from a nineteenth century newspaper, detailing contemporary anti-Chinese immigrant sentiment <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Last month, Arizona passed an insidious piece of legislation known as <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SB 1070 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> — a law that makes being an illegal immigrant a state crime and empowers state and city police officers to conduct immigration checks. While supporters of the law claim that it only enforces federal immigration guidelines, the fact of the matter is that SB 1070 is little more than a modern-day Chinese Exclusion Law. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How ironic is it, than, that SB 1070 was passed within days of the start of Asian American Heritage Month? <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1858, the Chinese Exclusion Law (not to be confused with the later federal Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882) was part of a series of laws passed by California city and state governments that attempted to address the so-called “problem” of Chinese immigrants by making life virtually impossible for a Chinese immigrant. Coupled with laws that taxed foreign miners, prevented the ringing of gongs, and banned the wearing of queues (the fashion of the day for Chinese men) in city prisons, <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the Chinese Exclusion Law of 1858 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">made it a state crime for a “Chinese” or “Mongolian” person to land in a California seaport. This is eerily similar to the text of SB 1070, which charges illegal immigrants with a misdemeanor crime of trespassing in the state of Arizona if they are found to be within Arizona state borders. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">While SB 1070 ( <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">read the full text <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">) does not specifically target Latino men and women (and, indeed, the law may affect any person of colour who appears to be of the same ethnicity as common illegal immigrants — including South Americans and Asians), it is virtually certain that SB 1070 will institutionalize racial profiling particularly against Latinos because of Arizona’s position along the U.S.-Mexico border. In essence, Arizona is attempting to affect federal immigration policies using state laws to name and target undesired immigrants, just as California attempted to do more than a century ago. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Furthermore, the Chinese Exclusion Law made it a state crime (punishable by a hefty fine or imprisonment) for any person transporting an immigrant to a California seaport. Specifically, <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the text of the Chinese Exclusion Law reads <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">…it shall be unlawful for any man, or person, whether captain or commander, or other person, in charge of, or interested in, or employed on board of, or passenger upon, any vessel, or vessels, of any nature or description whatsoever, to knowingly allow, or permit, any Chinese or Mongolian, on and after such time, to enter any of the ports of this state, to land therein, or at any place, or places, within the borders of this state, and any person of persons violating any of the provisions of this act, shall be held and deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine in any sum not less than four hundred dollars, nor more than six hundred dollars, for each and every offence, or imprisonment in the county jail of the county in which the said offence was committed, for a period of not less than three months, nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Again, this passage is virtually indistinguishable from SB 1070, which applies a punishment to any person who knowingly transports an illegal immigrant into the state or anywhere within the state using any form of motor vehicle. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But what hammers the similarity home, for me, is that SB 1070, like the Chinese Exclusion Law, was not passed in isolation by their respective state governments. More than 150 years separate SB 1070 from the Chinese Exclusion Law, yet both the spirit and the practice of targeting immigrants is the same: in response to a perceived influx of immigrants of colour, a flurry of city and state laws are passed in rapid succession to make life unlivable for the targeted immigrant community. In Arizona, SB 1070 is joined by other laws coming down the pipeline that target aspects of the Latino community here in Arizona, specifically <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">HB 2281 which was conceived of to target a publicly-funded Mexican-American high school studies program <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Furthermore, <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">state laws requiring employers to use E-Verify <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> to determine the immigration status of prospective employers are, in spirit, the same as California’s law of 1862 — called //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">An Act to Protect Free White Labor against Competition with Chinese Coolie Labor, and to Discourage the Immigration of the Chinese into the State of California //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">]] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">– which instituted a fine for any Chinese person who was deemed to be in competition for “White” jobs (i.e., if they were employed as anything other than a rice, tea, sugar or coffee farmer). In both cases, fears that people of colour are taking up all the jobs fuel the passing of laws that limit employment opportunities for the targeted immigrant groups. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">While it is tempting to dismiss Arizona as a progressively whacko state, history teaches us that state governments are the testing grounds for federal legislation. The Chinese Exclusion Law codified an anti-Chinese sentiment that, thirty years later, was institutionalized as the more well-known <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. The Chinese Exclusion Act specifically prevented any Chinese person from being able to naturalize as an American citizen, and it is widely criticized as being the most Draconian immigration law in American history. Furthermore, it introduced a new form of legislative codespeak with which to target Chinese people — as aliens ineligible for citizenship. Following the CEA of 1882, subsequent local and state laws could be pased affecting aliens ineligible for citizenship that would target the local Chinese community without ever having to refer to race or ethnicity. <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Folks who are better scholars of American immigration law than I <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> have compared SB 1070 to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, but I think the parallel is better drawn to California’s Chinese Exclusion Law of 1858. In both cases, the state oversteps its jurisdiction and attempts — and arguably succeeds — in influencing federal immigration statutes by passing Orwellian state laws that criminalize immigration into its borders. And, in both cases, we see these laws enacted during a time of fervent anti-minority anger (than against Chinese, now against Latinos) and as part of a series of state and local laws targeting specific minority groups. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The only difference here is that whereas the Chinese Exclusion Law of 1858 paved the way for the devastating Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (which stayed in effect for 60 years until it was repealed in 1943 by the Magnuson Act which finally allowed people of Chinese descent to naturalize as American citizens), there is still time to interrupt the sentiments that allowed SB 1070 to pass from making it to the halls of the federal legislature. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To that end, Asian Americans cannot remain quiet about SB 1070. Our community has lived the consequences of SB 1070, and the nearly 100 years of institutionalized racism that a law like SB 1070 introduces against a minority people. This is the very month when we are supposed to remember our history — so let us do just that: we cannot allow America to forget the lessons that our history teaches. <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

-I-

__**Resources for Arizona Immigration**__

__**Article 3: New Law Damages Arizona's Credibility**__ //Article from [|www.inotherwords.org] May 3, 2010 Op-Ed piece// **New Law Damages Arizona's Credibility** **I believe we need comprehensive, nationwide immigration reform.** [|**By**][|**Raul M. Grijalva**] <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer has signed a statewide law forcing local police officers to question and potentially detain anyone they “reasonably suspect” to be an undocumented immigrant. If you believe our local law enforcement agencies, which will be required to implement the mandates of this law, it will lead to mistrust between police and the people they have sworn to protect. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">This new immigration law violates due process, civil rights, and federal sovereignty over immigration policy. While I believe the courts will quickly overturn it, I'm concerned that the damage to my home state’s credibility has already been done. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Arizona has long been the epicenter of our national immigration debate. Unfortunately, that debate has been driven by extremists like Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, who is under a federal investigation for civil rights abuses. Arpaio, like Brewer, seems to believe that every immigrant is equally capable of being a violent drug dealer to be dealt with harshly. Although this belief has no basis in fact, it has been the foundation of a fear-based campaign against immigrants and people of Hispanic descent for years. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Indeed, opportunistic political voices have worked hard to make a connection between crime and immigration where none exists. Forget the rhetoric for a moment and consider the facts. In 2008, the Immigration Policy Center found that on the national level, U.S.-born men aged 18 to 39 are five times more likely to be incarcerated than immigrants. While the number of undocumented immigrants in the country doubled between 1994 and 2005, violent crime declined by nearly 35 percent and property crimes by 26 percent over the same period. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Unfortunately, this information doesn’t change the way people think about immigration. It’s become a gut reaction issue. If you think immigrants are criminals, then a law targeting anyone “reasonably suspected” of being an immigrant sounds like a good idea. Even though prominent officials at all levels--from President Barack Obama to border county sheriffs--have called the law unjust and counterproductive, there will always be a constituency for this kind of punitive measure. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Turning immigrants into scapegoats for every social and economic setback is not what America should be about. The new Arizona law has introduced the unspoken word “race” into the debate. By promoting racial profiling as a legal tool, it has effectively unmasked a very real motivation for some people to oppose meaningful immigration reform. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">I believe we need comprehensive, nationwide immigration reform. While we continue to debate what that should look like, I believe the laws of this country should be enforced and respected. Those laws include the principle that the federal government, not state or local authorities, sets immigration policy. States can no more supersede federal immigration law than enter into their own treaties with foreign governments. By inventing a new way for local officials to treat American citizens as criminals, Arizona has violated that principle. The state has said, in effect, that if you’re walking down the street and forgot your wallet at home, you could be hauled downtown because you look like an undocumented immigrant. That’s not how the rule of law works in this country. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">On a practical level, local law enforcement agencies do not have the manpower or financial capacity to serve triple duty as street cops, Border Patrol agents and Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers. Conservatives who worry about government overreach and unfunded mandates should be up in arms about this law. Their silence is disappointing. This is not a left-right issue. It’s a question of basic constitutional process. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Voters shouldn't be blind to the troubling aspects of this law: It sets a legal precedent that anyone “reasonably suspected” of a crime is subject to questioning and search witho <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">ut a warrant, it that other states should feel free to invent their own immigration laws. This isn't a road we want to travel any further down than we already have. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">This law should be overturned without delay, and Congress should take up comprehensive reform the same day. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">U.S. Rep. Raúl M. Grijalva represents Arizona’s Seventh Congressional District and co-chairs the Congressional Progressive Caucus. []

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Additional Resources: The Ancient Greeks (general background)

ThinkQuest -- Ancient Greek Government

Ancient Greece government

Ewbank, N. The Nature of Athenian Democracy, Clio History Journal, 2009.

metic. (2011). In //Encyclopædia Britannica//. Retrieved from []

History.com, "Ancient Greek Democracy"

Historical Statistics on Immigration and Naturalization from the INS, now part of the Department of Homeland Security. Try the 1996 Statistical Yearbook: Immigration in Chapter 1 (pages 26-29 of text, which is pp. 14-17 of the PDF] and Naturalization in Chapter 5.

Roger Daniels //Coming to America//

Sarah Parton //Cleisthenes: Founder of Athenian Democracy//

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